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Human Microbiome Project
The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) was a United States National Institutes of Health initiative with the goal of identifying and characterizing the microorganisms which are found in association with both healthy and diseased humans (the human microbiome). Launched in 2008,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100520141214.htm )〕 it was a five-year project, best characterized as a feasibility study, and had a total budget of $115 million. The ultimate goal of this and similar NIH-sponsored microbiome projects was to test how changes in the human microbiome are associated with human health or disease. This topic is currently not well understood.
Important components of the Human Microbiome Project were culture-independent methods of microbial community characterization, such as metagenomics (which provides a broad genetic perspective on a single microbial community), as well as extensive whole genome sequencing (which provides a "deep" genetic perspective on certain aspects of a given microbial community, ''i.e.'' of individual bacterial species). The latter served as reference genomic sequences — 3000 such sequences of individual bacterial isolates are currently planned — for comparison purposes during subsequent metagenomic analysis. The microbiology of five body sites was emphasized: oral, skin, vaginal, gut, and nasal/lung. The project also financed deep sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA sequences amplified by polymerase chain reaction from human subjects.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://commonfund.nih.gov/hmp/ )〕
==Introduction==
Total microbial cells found in association with humans may exceed the total number of cells making up the human body by a factor of ten-to-one. The total number of genes associated with the human microbiome could exceed the total number of human genes by a factor of 100-to-one. Many of these organisms have not been successfully cultured, identified, or otherwise characterized. Organisms thought to be found in the human microbiome, however, may generally be categorized as bacteria (the majority), members of domain Archaea, yeasts, and single-celled eukaryotes as well as various helminth parasites and viruses, the latter including viruses that infect the cellular microbiome organisms (e.g., bacteriophages, the viruses of bacteria).
The HMP will address some of the most inspiring, vexing and fundamental scientific questions today. Importantly, it also has the potential to break down the artificial barriers between medical microbiology and environmental microbiology. It is hoped that the HMP will not only identify new ways to determine health and predisposition to diseases but also define the parameters needed to design, implement and monitor strategies for intentionally manipulating the human microbiota, to optimize its performance in the context of an individual's physiology.
The HMP has been described as "a logical conceptual and experimental extension of the Human Genome Project."〔 In 2007 the Human Microbiome Project was listed on the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://commonfund.nih.gov/aboutroadmap.aspx )〕 as one of the ''New Pathways to Discovery''. Organized characterization of the human microbiome is also being done internationally under the auspices of the International Human Microbiome Consortium.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.human-microbiome.org/ )〕 The Canadian Institutes of Health Research, through the CIHR Institute of Infection and Immunity, is leading the Canadian Microbiome Initiative〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/39939.html )〕 to develop a coordinated and focused research effort to analyze and characterize the microbes that colonize the human body and their potential alteration during chronic disease states.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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